Marcas. Procedimiento de levantamiento de oposiciones. ¿Presos de la tecnología?

Los últimos tiempos han sido revolucionarios para quienes nos dedicamos a la protección de la propiedad intelectual.

Con particular referencia a los registros marcarios, la Ley Nº 27.444 de Simplificación y Desburocratización para el Desarrollo Productivo de la Nación fue el puntapié inicial para una catarata de modificaciones y normativas tendientes a informatizar procesos, disminuir sus tiempos de duración, mejorar la gestión y fomentar la transparencia.

En ese contexto, el procedimiento para la resolución de oposiciones fue radicalmente modificado: ya no tramita más en la justicia federal (que sólo queda como una instancia recursiva) sino que queda bajo la órbita del INPI, quien en uso de sus atribuciones, ha dictado resoluciones y disposiciones tendientes a su implementación y a la fijación de aranceles.

La ley 27.444 modificó el art. 17 de la ley de marcas en los siguientes términos: “El procedimiento para resolver las oposiciones, será fijado por la Autoridad de Aplicación, el que deberá contemplar al menos la posibilidad del oponente de ampliar fundamentos, el derecho del solicitante de contestar la oposición y el derecho de ambos de ofrecer prueba. El procedimiento deberá receptar los principios de celeridad, sencillez y economía procesal”

El INPI mediante Resolución P-250/18 dispuso que todos los expedientes que ingresen al Instituto Nacional de la Propiedad Industrial tramitarán por medios electrónicos y el modo de presentación es su Portal de Trámites, aclarando que los ingresos que se formalicen en papel por ante la mesa de entradas serían digitalizados.

A su vez, por Resolución P-183 estableció que las partes, al mantener la vigencia de la oposición, pueden ofrecer “las pruebas que estimen pertinentes” (art. 1 Anexo I), disponiendo que la prueba documental e instrumental debe presentarse al momento de ampliar la oposición o contestarla y que se determinará la forma de producir los restantes medios de prueba (art. 4)

Sin embargo, la puesta en marcha del proceso de digitalización de expedientes puso en evidencia ciertas complicaciones materiales, como ser la imposibilidad de la institución de digitalizar -con los medios técnicos que cuenta el área- documentación encuadernada (libros- revistas) y otros elementos probatorios acompañados por las partes como ser: envases, envoltorios, indumentaria, videos, etc., quedando por ende dicha prueba fuera del expediente electrónico con las consecuencias lógicas que dicha ausencia conlleva.

La pretendida solución a dicho problema vino de la mano de la Disposición M N° 21/2019, que, lejos de mejorar el equipamiento o de implementar los recursos técnicos del Portal de Trámites para ampliar el espectro de los formatos de archivos admisibles, puso en cabeza del administrado la obligación de incorporar estos medios probatorios al expediente digital imponiéndole sus propias limitaciones técnicas, lo que torna imposible su realización.

La disposición exige que toda la documentación que se incorpore al expediente digitalizada lo sea en formato PDF con tamaño de página A4, máximo de 100 Mb. sin protección de contraseñas o firmados, sin tener JavaScript y sin ninguna limitación en cuanto a la cantidad de archivos.

¿Como pretende el INPI que el administrado sortee los mismos problemas que la propia Institución no puede resolver? Claramente el administrado tampoco podrá convertir a PDF un video, un envase o una grabación.

Es decir, si bien mediante la normativa general se consagra el principio de amplitud probatoria, las exigencias técnicas internas lo cercenan, menoscabándose derechos fundamentales como el derecho de defensa de las partes, la potestad probatoria y el debido proceso.

¿Puede quedar reducida la prueba válida a una hoja A4, con límite de “mb” y formato “pdf”?

¿Es justo que el abogado tenga que invertir más tiempo en aprender cuestiones informáticas que en preocuparse por fundar debidamente sus argumentos?

¿Es justo que le Estado implemente y obligue a las partes a tramitar procesos digitales si no cuenta con todos los elementos tecnológicos para implementarlo como es debido?

Se supone que la digitalización de los expedientes debe redundar en un beneficio para la comunidad en general. Es loable que todas las actuaciones y pruebas puedan ser visualizadas por cualquier usuario externo, pero en modo alguno puede esto contraponer las más elementales reglas procesales y derechos reconocidos por nuestra Constitución Nacional.

Resulta imperioso que el INPI asuma la responsabilidad que le cabe y arbitre los mecanismos necesarios para que la amplitud probatoria en los procesos que se tramiten ante dicho organismo sea real y efectiva y pueda estar al alcance de todos.

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